Build Authorization for Resource Hierarchies in Python

A resource hierarchy refers to a model with nested resources, where a user’s permissions and roles on a resource depend on the resource’s parent.

Common examples of resource hierarchies include:

• File system permissions: access to a folder may grant access to documents within the folder
• Grouping resources by project: users have project-level roles and permissions that determine their access to resources within the project
• Organizations and multi-tenancy: top-level tenant/organization roles and permissions grant access to resources within the organization

You can model resource hierarchies in Oso by defining relations between resources. You can write policies that use relations and query them to find out if a user has access to a single resource or to get a list of resources that a user has access to (using the data filtering feature).

This guide uses an example resource hierarchy from our GitClub sample application. In GitClub, Organization is the top-level resource, and Repository resources are nested within organizations. Users have roles at both the organization and repository level. A user’s organization role grants them a default role on every repository within that organization.

1. Register resource types and relations

The first step to modeling a resource hierarchy is to register the application types that represent the resources you are protecting.

To make your implementation compatible with data filtering, you need to specify resource relations by creating Relation objects and passing them to register_class(). For more information on registering classes and relations for data filtering, see the data filtering guide.

from oso import Oso, Relation

oso = Oso()

# Register the Organization class
oso.register_class(
    Organization,
    types={
        "id": str,
    },
    build_query=build_query_cls(Organization),
)

# Register the Repository class, and its relation to the Organization class
oso.register_class(
    Repository,
    types={
        "id": str,
        "organization": Relation(
            kind="one", other_type="Organization", my_field="org_id", other_field="id"
        ),
    },
    build_query=build_query_cls(Repository),
)

2. Declare parent relations

After registering your resource types, you can define a resource block for each resource in your policy.

Inside each block, you should declare the permissions and roles that are available on that resource type. For child resource types, also declare relations to parent resources.

allow(actor, action, resource) if has_permission(actor, action, resource);

resource Organization {
    permissions = ["read", "add_member"];
    roles = ["member", "owner"];
}

resource Repository {
    permissions = ["read", "push"];
    roles = ["contributor", "maintainer", "admin"];
    relations = { parent: Organization };
}

Now that you’ve defined your resource relations in Polar, you can hook them up to the Relations you registered in Step 1 using has_relation rules:

has_relation(parent_org: Organization, "parent", child_repo: Repository) if
    parent_org = child_repo.organization;    # use the `organization` relation we registered in Step 1

3. Write rules using parent relations

You now have all the plumbing in place to write rules that use parent relations.

If you need to grant a role on a child resource based on a parent resource role, you can define a shorthand rule in the child resource block. For example, in GitClub the "owner" role on Organization resources grants a user the "admin" role on every Repository within the organization:

allow(actor, action, resource) if has_permission(actor, action, resource);

resource Organization {
    permissions = ["read", "add_member"];
    roles = ["member", "owner"];
}

resource Repository {
    permissions = ["read", "push"];
    roles = ["contributor", "maintainer", "admin"];
    relations = { parent: Organization };

    "admin" if "owner" on "parent";
}

You can also use shorthand rules to grant permissions based on parent resource roles and permissions. For example, we could add that users with the Organization "member" role can "read" every repository in the organization:

# ...
resource Repository {
    # ...
    "admin" if "owner" on "parent";
    "read" if "member" on "parent";
}

We could also modify that rule to say that users who have the Organization "read" permission have the "read" permission on every repository in the organization.

# ...
resource Repository {
    # ...
    "admin" if "owner" on "parent";
    "read" if "read" on "parent";
}

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